What legal standard is typically required to request historical cell site location information?

The legal standard required to request historical cell site location information is generally probable cause. This standard necessitates that law enforcement must have sufficient facts to believe that a crime has occurred or is occurring, and that obtaining the cell site information is relevant to that investigation. This requirement is rooted in the Fourth Amendment, which protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

The standard of probable cause strikes a balance between the need for law enforcement to effectively investigate crimes and the privacy rights of individuals. It requires more than mere suspicion or speculation, ensuring that there is a legitimate basis for the request that is scrutinized by a judge before access to sensitive location data is granted.

In contrast, other options such as reasonable suspicion merely require a belief that something may be amiss, which is a lower threshold and typically applies to stop-and-frisk scenarios rather than seeking historical data. Preponderance of evidence is the standard used in civil cases, indicating that something is more likely than not to be true, but it does not provide the stringent protections necessary for accessing personal information. Clear and convincing evidence demands a higher level of certainty than preponderance but still does not reach the rigor of probable cause used in criminal investigations.