Which of the following is an example of a nonconsensual intercept?

A phone tap is considered an example of a nonconsensual intercept because it involves the interception of private communications without the consent of at least one party involved in the conversation. This practice is associated with law enforcement investigations where permission is not granted by the parties being monitored, often necessitating court authorization to proceed.

In contrast, GPS tracking can sometimes be consensual if, for example, individuals agree to share their location data. Public camera surveillance typically occurs in places where individuals have a diminished expectation of privacy, and hence, it does not constitute nonconsensual interception in the same way that a covert phone tap does. Email monitoring may also be consensual if users agree to the terms of monitoring set by their service provider or employer. Therefore, the nature of a phone tap as inherently nonconsensual aligns it closely with legal definitions surrounding privacy breaches and interception laws.